캐나다의 대표적인 언론사인 Globe and Mail은 지난해 10월 매니토바 지방선거에서 승리하여 새로 주수상에 취임한 Wab Kinew를 소개하는 기사에서, 그의 정책이 “프레리 실용주의” 성격을 뛸 것이라고 했다.
Kinew 주수상은 음악가, 작가, 방송인 그리고 대학 행정관 등으로 다양한 경력을 쌓은 다음, 2016년 정치에 입문하였다. 정치 지도자로서의 그의 진화는 여전히 진행중으로 볼 수 있다. 그가 이끄는 매니토바 NDP정부가 내리는 결정을 지켜본 다음에 그의 실용주의적 노선에 대해 좀더 깊은 이야기를 할 수 있을 것으로 보인다.
실용주의에 대한 정의는 다양하고, 논쟁의 여지가 있는 철학적인 용어이다. 실용주의는 애매모호한 의미를 가진 단어로, 미디어에서 즐겨 사용하는 용어이다.
우파와 좌파의 전통적인 이데올로기적인 스펙트럼에서 볼 때, 정치에서 실용주의는 중도주의로도 볼 수 있다. 실용주의를 표방하는 리더들의 통치 스타일은 특정 이념적 원칙의 이행보다는 건전한 절차에 더 중점을 둔다.
실용주의를 내세우는 정부와 리더들은 정책과 예산 선택의 타당성에 대해 더 많은 관심을 가진다. 타당성에 대한 계산에는 이용가능한 정책 지식, 자금, 조직 역량 그리고 필요한 조치의 긴급성에 대한 판단이 포함된다.
실용주의를 내세우는 리더들은 대중들의 의견보다 너무 앞서지도 않고, 대중들과 접촉하는 것이 리더십 발휘에 중요한 점이라는 것을 인식하고 있다. 그들은 단순하게 “올바른” 결정을 내리는 것으로만 충분하지 않으며, 정책 프로세스에서 직접적으로 영향을 받는 그룹으로부터 결정에 대한 이해와 지원을 받는 것을 중요하게 여긴다.
실용적인 리더들은 다양한 그룹 또는 조직과의 협력관계 구축 그리고 갈등을 피하려고 노력한다. 그들은 실제 또는 합의에 기초한 통치를 좋은 정책과 정치의 기초로 간주한다.
불확실성, 자원부족, 정치적 반발에 직면할 경우, 실용적인 정치인들은 방어를 위해 이런 제약 요인들을 과장하는 경향이 있다. 그래서 점진적 또는 미미한 변화가 예산을 포함한 정책을 결정하는 과정의 주요한 패턴이 된다. 그들은 결단력이 필요한 대담하고 급진적인 변화는 위험이 높기 때문에 피하는 경향이 있다.
실용주의 정치인들은 대중들이 듣고 싶어하는 것을 말하는 것이 아니라 “있는 그대로를 말하는 것” 이라는 주장을 하기도 한다. 이념과 실용주의의 경계는 간단하지 않다. 정당 내에는 다양한 수준의 이념적인 신념이 있다.
매니토바 NDP 정부가 새로 집권한지 1년도 지나지 않았기 때문에 Kinew 주수상의 실용주의적 모습을 많이 언급할 수는 없다. 그러나 다음은 그의 대표적인 실용적인 모습이다.
Kinew 주수상은 선거 캠페인 그리고 주수상으로 취임한 후에도 여러 차례 “경제적 말이 사회 개혁의 카트를 이끄는 것”이 그의 정치적인 신념 중에 하나라고 했다. 그는 이것이 주정부 부채에 대한 이자비용이 늘어남으로 인해 헬스와 교육처럼 수선순위가 높은 분야에 대한 투자를 줄이기 전에 예산이 균형을 이루는 것이 먼저라고 했다.
Kinew 주수상은 이전 PC 정부가 도입한 세금 감면을 유지하고 있다. 그는 범죄에 대해서도 범죄의 근원을 줄여야 할 필요성이 있다는 것을 인정하지만, 범죄자에 대해서는 엄격한 처벌하겠다고 약속했다. 학생들의 학업 능력을 평가하는 주정부 테스트를 취소하는 것도 강력한 반발에 직면하자 취소하기로 했다.
Kinew 주수상은 자신이 가진 강한 커뮤니케이션 능력을 활용하여 주정부가 주요한 문제에 대해 적절하게 대응하고 있다는 것을 잘 나타내고 있다. 매니토바처럼 경제적으로 부유하지 못한 지역에서는 현실주의와 실용주의가 결합하여 이데올로기에 매몰되지 않은 온건한 스타일의 리더십 스타일을 만들어 낼 수 있다.
이전 Pallister 주수상은 자신의 정치적인 이데올로기를 바탕으로 강력한 통치력을 발휘했던 대표적인 매니토바 주수상으로 볼 수 있다.
우리는 Kinew 주수상이 현실주의와 이상주의, 이데올로기적 원칙과 정치적 실용주의 그리고 영감과 실제 행동사이에서 어떻게 균형을 이루는지는 더 지켜볼 필요가 있다.
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