초원 한가운데 서서 하늘과 식물 그리고 방목하는 가축들을 지켜보면, 초원의 가치를 쉽게 알 수 있다. 그러나 대부분의 사람들은 이런 중요한 부분을 잘 인식하지 못하고 있는 것으로 볼 수 있다.
사람들이 캐나다 농업에서 밀과 캐놀라 다음으로 가치가 높은 작물이 풀사료 (forage, 조사료: 粗飼料)라는 것을 알면, 놀랄 것이다. 풀사료는 캐나다 농지의 45 퍼센트 (70 밀리언 에이커 이상)를 차지하는 중요한 농지 이용법이기도 하다.
풀사료는 대부분이 소의 사료로 사용되며, 또한 생산량의 대다수는 재배된 농장에서 소비된다. 통계에 따르면, 약 15 퍼센트만 농장에서 판매되는데, 매매는 공식적인 마케팅 루트가 아니라 농부와 농부 사이의 개인간 거래로 이루어 진다. 수출은 전체 생산량의 1 퍼센트 미만을 차지한다.
따라서, 풀사료에 대한 데이터 추적이 어렵고, 농업과 관련한 경제 자료에서도 눈에 잘 띄지 않는다. 목장주들만 풀사료, 방목지와 목초지 보존에 높은 관심을 갖고 있는 상황으로 볼 수 있다. 2021 Census of Agriculture 자료에 따르면, 매니토바 14,543개 농장 중에서 50 퍼센트 이상이 소, 양, 말 그리고 바이슨과 같은 가축을 키우고 있는 것으로 나타났다.
그러나 방목지와 목초지 그리고 풀사료를 소중히 여기는 사람들은 농부들만이 아니다. 멸종위기에 직면한 다양한 종을 연구하는 한경단체 그리고 탄소를 저장하는데 관심이 있는 사람들 그리고 농지의 토질을 보호하기 위해 윤작 필요성을 강조하는 농부들이 풀사료, 방목지 그리고 목초지의 중요성을 강조하고 있다.
풀사료, 목초지 그리고 방목지에 대한 중요성이 높아지면서, Farm Credit Canada (FCC)는 캐나다의 연례 농지 가격조사에서 목초지를 추가하고 있다. FCC가 3월 12일 발표한 2023 FCC Farmland Values Report를 보면, 매니토바는 가장 높은 평균 19 퍼센트 증가했다. 사스캐치완이 12.7 퍼센트, 알버타 9.6 퍼센트 그리고 브리티시 컬럼비아가 7.4 퍼센트 상승한 것으로 나타났다. (캐나다 동부지역의 목초지 거래량은 보고서에 포함될 정도의 충분하지 않았다는 것이 보고서의 설명이다.)
ㆍ 관련기사: 2023년에도 계속적으로 상승한 캐나다 농지
이처럼 목초지와 방목지 가격에 상승에 압력을 미치는 요인은 다양하다. 첫째는 목초지 또는 방목지가 생각만큼 많지 않다는 것이다. 북미에서 방목하는 소의 숫자가 수 십년만에 가장 낮은 숫자를 기록하고 있는데, 이로 인해 소를 키우는 것이 농부들에게 높은 수익을 안겨주고 있다.
북미에서 방목하는 숫자가 줄어든 이유는 지속적인 가뭄으로 사료 부족이 발생했기 때문이다. 목장주가 현재의 가축 수준을 유지하기 위해서는 더 많은 목초지와 방목지 그리고 풀사료 재배지를 확보해야 한다.
그래서 이런 강력한 수요의 영향으로 밀과 캐놀라를 재배해는 농지를 풀사료 재배지로 변경하는 경우가 늘어날 가능성도 있다는 것을 예측하는 업계 전문가도 있다.
그리고 풀사료, 목초지 그리고 방목지가 연간으로 농작물을 재배하는 것보다 최대 2.7배나 많은 탄소를 저장할 수 있는 능력이 있다는 연구들이 발표되면서, 이 토지가 제공하는 “가치”에 대한 인식도 높아지고 있다.
토지를 측정하는 기준이 무엇이든, 목초지와 방목지 그리고 풀사료에 대한 가치를 평가는 더 많은 방법을 찾는다는 것은 미래에 좋은 신호이다.
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