철도에 대한 서로 다른 접근방식이 경제발전에 다르게 미치고 있는 좋은 사례가 있다. 여기서 말하는 철도는 The Pas에서 Churchill까지 운행하는 Hudson Bay Railway (HBR)와 멕시코의 칸쿤 (Cancun)에서 피라미드 팔렝케 (Palenque)까지 연결하는 트렌 마야 (마야 열차, Tren Maya)이다.
두 철도의 길이는 약 1,500 킬로미터이고, 자립이 가능할 정도로 충분한 교통량이 없는 지역이다. 그리고 이들 철로가 지나는 배후지역은 인구가 적고, 만성적인 저소득지역이다. 두 곳 모두 정부의 지원을 여러 차례 받았다. 그러나 정부의 대응책이 다르다는 것이 포인트이다.
메리다 (Merida)까지의 화물노선은 150년전에 건설되었고, 해당기간에 수익성이 없었다. 트렌 마야는 활용도가 낮은 철로를 멕시코 남부의 경제를 활성화하기 위한 목적으로 현대적인 여객 서비스로 재창조한 것이다.
철로가 완성되면, 유카탄 반도 주변으로 더 관광객을 이동시킬 수 있을 것이다. 1,500 킬로미터에 달하는 첫번째 프로젝트는 새로운 선로와 칸쿤 (Cancun), 메리다 (Merida), 캄페체 (Campeche) 그리고 주요 마야 피라미드 정류장을 연결하는 15개의 새로운 역으로 구성되어 있다.
교통에 대한 투자는 경제발전의 강한 원동력으로 알려져 있다. 캐나다 대륙횡단 철도가 대표적인 경우이다. 트렌 마야는 여행자들을 멕시코 남부로 끌어들여 저소득지역의 경제발전을 촉진하기 위한 목적으로 설계된 것이다.
오래된 철로를 재건하는 것 외에도, 정글을 통과하여 칸쿤 공항의 대형 터미널과 연결되는 400 킬로미터의 새로운 철로도 건설되었다.
트렌 마야를 이용한 사람들은 기차역의 소매점이나 레스토랑과 같은 편의시설은 물론이고 승차감이 좋은 열차에 대해서도 만족감을 나타내고 있다. 철로는 현재 단선만 운영되고 있지만, 시속 150 킬로미터로 달릴 수 있도록 복선으로 설계되어 있다. 기차는 Alstom이 유럽 표준에 따라, 멕시코에서 제작하였다.
트렌 마야를 통해 새로운 교통 인프라에 대한 투자는 비전과 대담함이 필요하다는 것을 배울 수 있다는 것이 전문가들의 평가이다. 트렌 마야는 멕시코의 안드레스 마누엘 로페스 오브라도르 (Andrés Manuel López Obrador, AMLO) 대통령이 자신의 대표적인 업적으로 남기고 싶어하는 프로젝트이다. 트렌 마야에 현재까지 투자된 공공자금은 20 빌리언 (미국) 달러로 추산되고 있다.
그렇다면, HBR과 트렌 마야를 어떻게 비교할 수 있을까? 칸쿤과 처칠 모두 관광산업이 있지만, HBR은 관광산업의 규모가 너무 적어서 많은 자금의 투입을 정당화할 수 없다. 그래서 HBR의 미래는 화물이어야 하고, 기후변화로 연중 배송이 가능해지고 있다.
지금까지 HBR은 곡물 수출에만 의존해 왔다. 앞으로는 목재, 금속 농축물, 포타시, 황 그리고 LNG/수소와 같은 원자재로 교통량을 다양화하는 기회를 찾아야 한다. 물론, 현재의 단선에서 복선으로 전환하는 것은 더 높은 수익을 가져올 수 있는 방법이기도 하다.
지난 5년간, 주/연방정부는 HBR에 250 밀리언 달러를 투입하였다. 그래서 철로가 운영되고 있기는 하지만, 자생적으로 수익을 창출할 수준은 아니다. 트렌 마야 또는 Trans Mountain 파이프라인과 마찬가지로 Hudson Bay로 통하는 통로에도 대규모 투자가 필요하다. 연방/주정부는 이것을 미래를 향한 장기적은 투자로 볼 필요가 있다.
ㆍ 관련기사: 경제적 미래를 확보할 기회를 잡으려는 처칠항
ㆍ 관련기사: 미래 매니토바 경제 허브가 목표인 처칠항에 투자하는 연방정부와 주정부
멕시코 AMLO 대통령이 트렌 마야 프로젝트에 자금을 조달한 방법을 캐나다 정부도 적극적으로 검토할 필요가 있다는 의견이 있다. AMLO 대통령은 멕시코 군대를 새로운 철도 건설 그리고 자금조달의 대리인으로 활용했다. 캐나다도 NATO 파트너들에게 GDP의 2 퍼센트에 달하는 국방비 지출을 달성할 수 있다는 점을 보여주는 훌륭한 수단이 될 수도 있다는 아이디어 제시하는 전문가도 있다.
즉, HBR을 캐나다 북극 방어의 핵심적인 수단 중에 하나로 어필하는 것이다.
ㆍ 관련기사: 캐나다 군대 업그레이드 기반은 북극 주권
Bank of Canada는 캐나다의 생산성이 다른 선진국에 비해 뒤쳐진다는 지적을 했는데, 수출시장으로의 운송비를 줄이는 것도 생산성을 높이는 방법이다.
ㆍ 관련기사: 생산성 향상의 필요성이 비상 수준에 이른 캐나다
처칠항은 캐나다 프레리 지역이 세계시장으로 다가가는 더 짧고 효율적인 접근로이다. 그래서 프레리 북동부지역 해안을 개발하는 것은 경제적인 이익과 직결되는 것으로 볼 수 있다.
캐나다 프레리 지역은 덴마크, 핀란드 그리고 노르웨이보다 인구가 많다. 만약, 프레리 지역이 하나의 국가였다면, 처칠항과 이를 연결하는 HBR을 지금처럼 두지는 않았을 것이다.
전문가들은 과감한 변화를 위한 비전과 용기가 필요하다는 이야기를 하고 있다. 트렌 마야가 보유한 잠재력을 최대로 발휘하도록 멕시코 정부가 노력하고 있는 것처럼, 캐나다도 HBR이 보유한 잠재력을 최대한 발휘하도록 해야 한다는 것이 HBR과 처칠항에 관심을 가진 전문가들의 의견이다.
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